Limits and basis with 以
The kanji 以 has two meanings: one indicating “using” a means or basis, and the other indicating “from” a starting point in time or place.
Bounds
以上 (Above)
以上 sets a lower limit and includes what is beyond it. It is used when (1) the quantity or degree is equal to or greater than the standard (including the standard), (2) referring to what was just mentioned (to a point that has already been explained or the overall situation up to that point), (3) concluding a story or a piece of writing (used at the end of a report, presentation, or document to indicate that the content has come to an end), or (4) stating a reason or basis (used to draw a logical conclusion based on a premise).
It combines 以 (basis) with 上 (above) to show what lies at or above the set point.
Sakurako forces Takeru to join the shogi club. When he suggests she join as well, she refuses and tells him not to go either, or else he’ll be in the way there.
- タケル:
- 「乗り気じゃなかったが入部した以上はしっかり活動する！」
- “I wasn't enthusiastic, but now that I'm in the club, I'll work hard!”
- 「それが男ってもんだ！！」
- “That's what it means to be a man!!”
- “I wasn't enthusiastic, but now that I'm in the club, I'll work hard!”
Exclusions
以外 (Except)
以外 refers to what lies outside a certain standard or range, or to what remains after excluding specific things.
It combines 以 (basis) with 外 (outside) to show what lies outside that range.
Since Cocoa will be making stew for dinner, sends her a text message on ingredients selection.
- チノ:
- 「にんじん以外を伝えておこう」
- “I'll let her know in advance everything except carrots.”
Here, おく is is modified to the volitional (showing intent to do) おこう. “I will send a message …”
