Limits and basis with 以
The kanji 以 has two meanings: one indicating “using” a means or basis, and the other indicating “from” a starting point in time or place.
Bounds
以上 (Above)
以上 sets a lower limit and includes what is beyond it. It is used when (1) the quantity or degree is equal to or greater than the standard (including the standard), (2) referring to what was just mentioned (to a point that has already been explained or the overall situation up to that point), (3) concluding a story or a piece of writing (used at the end of a report, presentation, or document to indicate that the content has come to an end), or (4) stating a reason or basis (used to draw a logical conclusion based on a premise).
It combines 以 (basis) with 上 (above) to show what lies at or above the set point.
Sakurako forces Takeru to join the shogi club. When he suggests she join as well, she refuses and tells him not to go either, or else he’ll be in the way there.
- タケル:
- 「乗り気じゃなかったが入部した以上はしっかり活動する！」
- “I wasn't enthusiastic, but now that I'm in the club, I'll work hard!”
- 「それが男ってもんだ！！」
- “That's what it means to be a man!!”
- “I wasn't enthusiastic, but now that I'm in the club, I'll work hard!”
Exclusions
以外 (Except)
以外 refers to what lies outside a certain standard or range, or to what remains after excluding specific things.
It combines 以 (basis) with 外 (outside) to show what lies outside that range.
Chino is fascinated by the rabbit at a rival tea shop, but she keeps her distance.
- ココア:
- 「触らないの？」
- “You're not going to touch it?”
- リゼ:
- 「チノはティッピー以外の動物が懐かないらしい」
- “It seems that animals other than Tippy don't warm up to Chino.”
らしい indicates Rize is reporting something she heard or observed, rather than stating it as a confirmed fact.
